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evolutionary landscape
An evolutionary landscape is a metaphor;〔Wright, Sewall (1932) The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding, and Selection in Evolution. ''Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics'' 1: 356-366〕 a construct used to think about and visualize the processes of evolution (e.g. natural selection and genetic drift) acting on a biological entity 〔Wright, Sewall (1988) Surfaces of Selective Value Revisited. ''The American Naturalist'' 131(1):115-123〕 ( e.g., a gene, protein, population, species).〔Lee, Carol E. & Gelebiuk, Gregory W. (2008) Evolutionary origins of invasive populations. "Evolutionary Applications" 1: 427-448.〕 This entity can be viewed as searching or moving through a search space. For example, the search space of a gene would be all possible nucleotide sequences. The search space is only part of an evolutionary landscape. The final component is the "y-axis," which is usually fitness. Each value along the search space can result in a high or low fitness for the entity.〔 If small movements through search space causes small changes in fitness are relatively small, then the landscape is considered smooth. Smooth landscapes happen when most fixed mutations have little to no effect on fitness, which is what one would expect with the neutral theory of molecular evolution. In contrast, if small movements result in large changes in fitness, then the landscape is said to be rugged.〔 In either case, movement tends to be toward areas of higher fitness, though usually not the global optima.
What exactly constitutes an "evolutionary landscape" is confused in the literature. The term evolutionary landscape is often used interchangeably with adaptive landscape and fitness landscape, though other authors distinguish between them. As discussed below, different authors have different definitions of adaptive and fitness landscapes. Additionally, there is large disagreement whether it should be used as a visual metaphor disconnected from the underlying math, a tool for evaluating models of evolution, or a model in and of itself used to generate hypotheses and predictions. Clearly, the field of biology, specifically evolutionary biology and population genetics, needs to come to a consensus of what an evolutionary landscape is and how it should be used.
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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